smuggling and trade fraud

Smuggling refers to the illegal transportation or transfer of goods, typically across international borders, with the intent to avoid official customs duties, regulations, and taxes. Trade fraud, on the other hand, involves deceptive practices in commercial transactions, such as falsifying invoices, misrepresenting product qualities, or evading import/export restrictions, in order to gain an unfair advantage or deceive trading partners. It can take various forms, including counterfeit products, tax evasion, intellectual property infringement, or subsidy abuse.

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