soil erosion and desertification

Soil erosion refers to the process where topsoil, which is the fertile uppermost layer of soil, is washed away or blown off from the land surface due to natural forces like water, wind, or human activities. On the other hand, desertification refers to the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid, or dry sub-humid areas, leading to the transformation of once fertile land into a desert-like state. Both soil erosion and desertification contribute to the loss of soil fertility and can have negative impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, and water resources.

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