sun angle and atmospheric refraction

Sun angle refers to the angle at which the Sun's rays hit a particular location on Earth's surface. It is determined by the height of the Sun above the horizon and can vary throughout the day and throughout the year. Atmospheric refraction is the bending of light as it passes through Earth's atmosphere. This bending is caused by the gradual change in the density of the atmosphere, resulting in the apparent displacement of celestial objects such as the Sun. This phenomenon can cause the Sun to appear slightly higher in the sky than it actually is, especially when it is near the horizon.

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