return-oriented programming (rop) attacks

Return-oriented programming (ROP) attacks are a type of computer security exploit where an attacker leverages existing code within a compromised system to launch malicious actions. By manipulating the system's memory, the attacker chains sequences of existing machine instructions called "gadgets" to bypass security defenses and execute arbitrary commands, ultimately gaining control over the system. This technique takes advantage of the "return" instruction in programming languages to create an alternative execution path, allowing the attacker to manipulate code without introducing new code into the system.

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