caliphate of cordoba

The Caliphate of Cordoba refers to a historical Islamic state that existed in the Iberian Peninsula, specifically in the region of Cordoba (present-day Spain and Portugal), from the 10th to the 11th century. It was an independent Muslim government led by a caliph, which experienced significant cultural, intellectual, and architectural advancements, distinguished by its religious tolerance and contributions to science, art, and education.

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